Identifying the likely mineral composition of a urolith is the “fork in the road” for every clinician. Choosing the wrong path can lead to unnecessary surgery or failed medical dissolution. We will dive into signalment, radiography, and urinalysis, focusing on the clues that differentiate common stones like struvite and calcium oxalate from each other, and from the more elusive culprits like urate or cystine. This session provides a structured diagnostic roadmap to identify stone types with confidence – before they ever leave the patient.